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International Investment Agreements (IIAs)

What is an IIA?

An IIA (also commonly called "bilateral investment treaty ("BIT") when used in a bilateral context, or "investment guarantee agreement ("IGA")) promotes greater investment flows between two signatory countries and sets out standards of protection for investments made in one country by investors from the other country.

About IIAs

An IIA contains obligations on the host State, which may include:

Treating foreign investors as favourably as domestic investors or foreign investors from other countries;
Treating foreign investors fairly and equitably, as well as giving them protection and security;
Establishing clear limits on the expropriation of investments and compensating foreign investors should expropriation occur;
Allowing foreign investors to freely transfer their capital in and out of the host State; and
Allowing foreign investors to submit investment disputes to international arbitration.

IIAs are not the same as Investment Chapters in FTAs, which generally go beyond the scope of IIAs and include other elements such as investment liberalisation and investment facilitation.

Our IGAs/BITs

The table below provides details on Singapore's IIAs which are already in force.

No.	Countries	Date of Entry into Force	IIA Text	Remarks
1	ASEAN	2 Aug 1988	EN	The ASEAN IGA was terminated when ACIA entered into force on 29 Mar 2012. The ASEAN Member States are parties to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters (which also contain provisions on investment promotion): · AANZFTA · ACFTA · AKFTA · AIFTA
2	Bahrain	8 Dec 2004	EN
3	Bangladesh	19 Nov 2004	EN
4	Belarus	13 Jan 2001	EN
5	Belgium and Luxembourg	27 Nov 1980	EN
6	Bulgaria	10 Feb 2006	EN
7	Cambodia	24 Feb 2000	EN	Cambodia is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA · AANZFTA · ACFTA · AKFTA
8	Canada	30 Jul 1971	EN	Canada is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · CPTPP
9	China	7 Feb 1986	EN	The China-Singapore BIT was terminated and replaced by the CSFTA Investment Chapter when the CSFTA upgrade took effect on 16 October 2019. China is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · ACFTA
10	Czech Republic	7 Oct 1995	EN
11	DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)	18 Mar 2009	EN
12	Egypt	20 Mar 2002	EN
13	France	18 Oct 1976	EN
14	Germany	1 Oct 1975	EN
15	Hungary	1 Jan 1999	EN
16	Indonesia	9 Mar 2021	EN	Indonesia is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA · AANZFTA · ACFTA · AKFTA The Singapore-Indonesia Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) was signed on 11 October 2018, and entered into force on 9 March 2021. Find out more here.
17	Iran	28 Feb 2018	EN
18	Jordan	22 Aug 2005	EN
19	Kuwait	15 Apr 2013	EN
20	Laos	26 Mar 1998	EN	Laos is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA · AANZFTA · ACFTA · AKFTA
21	Latvia	18 Mar 1999	EN
22	Libya	22 Dec 2011	EN
23	Mauritius	19 Apr 2000	EN
24	Mexico	3 Apr 2011	EN	Mexico is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · CPTPP
25	Mongolia	7 Jan 1996	EN
26	Myanmar	9 Oct 2020	EN	Myanmar is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA · AANZFTA · ACFTA · AKFTA
27	Netherlands	7 Sep 1973	EN
28	Oman	12 Oct 2008	EN
29	Pakistan	4 May 1995	EN
30	Poland	29 Dec 1993	EN
31	Qatar	25 Apr 2018	EN
32	Russia	16 Jun 2012	EN
33	Rwanda	16 Oct 2020	EN
34	Saudi Arabia	5 Oct 2007	EN
35	Slovak Republic	6 Jun 2007	EN
36	Slovenia	8 Sep 2000	EN
37	Switzerland	3 May 1978	EN	Switzerland is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · ESFTA
38	Ukraine	14 Jul 2007	EN
39	United Kingdom	22 Jul 1975	EN
40	United States	25 Mar 1966	EN	The United States is also a Party to the following FTA with an Investment Chapter: · USSFTA
41	Uzbekistan	23 Nov 2003	EN
42	United Arab Emirates	8 Apr 2012	EN
43	Vietnam	25 Dec 1992	EN	Vietnam is also a Party to the following FTAs with Investment Chapters: · ACIA · AANZFTA · ACFTA · AKFTA

Investment Chapters in our FTAs

The table below lists Singapore's FTA Investment Chapters. You may also access the other chapters of these FTAs via Enterprise Singapore's FTA webpage.

No.	FTAs	Date of Entry into Force	Investment Chapter	Remarks
1	Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA)	28 Jul 2003	EN	The amendments from the 3rd Review entered into force on 1 December 2017.
2	ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA)	29 Mar 2012	EN
3	ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA)	1 Jan 2010	EN
4	ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA)	15 Feb 2010	EN
5	China-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (CSFTA)	1 Jan 2009	EN	The CSFTA Upgrade Protocol entered into force on 16 Oct 2019.
6	Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)	30 Dec 2018	EN
7	ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA)	1 Jul 2015	EN
8	ASEAN-Korea Free Trade Area (AKFTA)	2 Jun 2009	EN
9	Singapore-Costa Rica FTA (SCRFTA)	1 Jul 2013	EN
10	India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)	1 Aug 2005	EN	The 1st Review was concluded on 1 November 2007.
11	Japan-Singapore Economic Partnership Agreement (JSEPA)	30 Nov 2002	EN	The 2nd Review was concluded on 19 March 2007.
12	Korea-Singapore FTA (KSFTA)	2 Mar 2006	EN
13	New Zealand-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Partnership (ANZSCEP)	1 Jan 2001	EN	The ANZSCEP Upgrade entered into force on 1 Jan 2020.
14	Panama-Singapore FTA (PSFTA)	24 Jul 2006	EN
15	Peru-Singapore FTA (PeSFTA)	1 Aug 2009	EN
16	EFTA-Singapore FTA (ESFTA)	1Jan 2003	EN	Countries from EFTA are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
17	Sri Lanka-Singapore FTA (SLSFTA)	1 May 2018	EN
18	Turkey-Singapore FTA (TRSFTA)	1 Oct 2017	EN
19	United States-Singapore FTA (USSFTA)	1 Jan 2004	EN
20	ASEAN-Hong Kong Investment Agreement (AHKIA)	17 Jun 2019	EN	AHKIA entered into force for Singapore, Hong Kong, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam on 17 June 2019; for Malaysia on 13 October 2019; Philippines on 12 May 2020; Indonesia on 4 July 2020; and Brunei on 20 Oct 2020.
21	ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP)	1 Dec 2008	EN	The amendments from the AJCEP First Protocol entered into force for Japan, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam on 1 Aug 2020 and Brunei on 1 Oct 2020.

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